Collins, E.B. and H.A. Dirar 1969. Effect of hydrogen peroxide on growth of pseudomonas fragi and shelf life of pasteurized half-and-half. J.Dairy Science (USA) 52:69-73.
Dirar, H.A. and E.B. Collins 1973. End products, fermentation balances and molar growth yields of homofermentative lactobacilli. J. Gen. Microbial. (UK) 73:233-238.
Dirar, H.A. and E.B. Collins Aerobic utilization of low concentrations of galactose by Lactobacillus Plantarum. J. Gen microbial. (UK) 73:233-238.
Dirar, H.A. 1974. Microbial spoilage of food (a review). Sudan J. Food Sci. Technol. 6:61-65.
Dirar, H.A. 1975. Studies on hydrogen peroxide preservation of raw milk. Sudan J. Food Sci. Technol. 7:66-74.
Dirar, H.A. 1976. Optimum incubation temperature for the plate count of milk. Sudan J. Food Sci. Technol. 8:55-60.
Dirar, H.A. 1976. The art and science of merissa fermentation Sudan Notes and Records 57:115-129.
Dirar, H.A. and A.M. A/Gadir 1977. Use of hydrogen peroxide in collecting raw milk from nomadic tribes. Sudan J. Food Sci. Technol. 9:15-23.
Dirar, H.A. 1978. A microbiological study of Sudabese merissa brewing J. Food Sci. (USA) 43:1683-1686.
Jahn, S.A. and H.A. Dirar 1979. Studies on natural water coagulants in the Sudan, with special reference to Moringa Oleifera seeds. Water S.A. 5:90-97.
Agab, M.A. and H.A. Dirar 1980. Local yeast strains suitable for protein and ethanol production from sugar cane molasses. Sudan J. Food Sci. Technol. 12:57-63.
Hammad, Z.H. and H.A. Dirar 1982. Microbiological examination of “sebeel” water Appl. Environ. Microbial. (USA) 43:1238-1243.
Hammad, Z.H. and H.A. Dirar 1982. Streptococci versus coliforms as indicators of faecal contamination in “sebeel” water. Sudan Notes and Records, 59:166-175.
Ali, M.Z. and H.A. Dirar 1984. A Microbiological study of Sudanese date wines. J. Food Sci. (USA) 49:459-460, 467.
El Hassan, E.M; M.A. Awad El Karim: H.A. Dirar, H.M. Abdel Magid snd I.S. Ibrahim 1984. On water quality and quantity and their impact on health in Khartoum province, Sudan. Wat. Qual. Bull. (Canada) 9 (4):225-230.
Abdel Magid, H.M; I.S. Ibrahim, and H.A. Dirar 1984. Chemical and microbiological examination of well and Nile water. Environment International. (USA) 10:259-263.
Dirar, H.A. D.B. Harper, and M.A. Collins. 1985. Biochemical and microbiological studies on Kawal, a meat substitute derived by fermentation of Cassia Obtusifolia leaves. J. Sci. Food Agricul. (UK) 36:881-892.
Dirar, H.A. and H.B. El Amin 1986. Biogas production from water hyacinth {Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms}. In: Alani, D.I. and M. Moo-young (Eds.) Perspectives in Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology. Pp. 251-280. Elsevier, London.
El Amin, H.B. and H.A. Dirar, 1986. Biogas production from water hyacinth {Eichhornia crassipes }: Influence of temperature. In: E.L. Halwagi, (Ed.) Biogas Technology Transfer and Diffusion. Pp. 437-445. Elsevier, London.
Dirar, H.A. 1986. Coliform bacteria counts in the Nile water at Khartoum. Environment International 12:571-576.
Mahgoub, D.M. and H.A. Dirar, 1986. Microbial pollution of the blue and white niles at Khartoum. Environment International 12:603-606.
Elfaki, A.E. and H.A. Dirar, 1986. Studies on the methylene blue reduction test of milk. Sudan Agric. J. 11:32-44.
Ahmed, A.M. and H.A. Dirar, 1985L86. Microbiology of spoiled local and imported canned foods in Khartoum market. Sudan J. Fd. Sci. Technol. 16:49-55.
Dirar, H.A. 1986. Importance of research in formulating microbiological quality control standards in the food industry in Hamdan, I.Y., A. El nawawi, and M. Mameesh (Eds.) Advances in Food Industries development in the Arab World. Pp. 321-333. Kuwait Inst. Sci. Res. (KISR). Kuwait.
Dirar, H.A. and H.B. El Amin 1988. Methane fermentation of water hyacinth: effect of solids concentration and inoculum source. Mircen J. Appl. Microbiol and Biotechnol. 4:299-312.
El Amin, H.B. and , H.A. Dirar, 1988. Methane fermentation of water hyacinth: effect of retention time and temperature. Mircen J. Appl. Microbiol and Biotechnol. 4:313-326.
Dirar, H.A. 1989. Prospects of modern biotechnology in the Sudan. In Proceedings of the first Arab conference on prospects of modern Biotechnology in the Arab Countries pp. 112-131. Aman, Jordan, March 27-30, 1989. FAO/UNIDO/UNESCO/ESCWA and Federation of Arab Scientific Research Councils (Arabic).
Dirar, H.A. 1990. Microbiological quality of drinking water Khartoum. In dejong –Boon, D. (ED.) Environmental problems in Sudan, Part ll. Institute of Social, Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands, p. 542.
Dirar, H.A. 1991. The status of biotechnology in Sudan In: Coombs, J. and P.N. Campbell (Eds.) Biotechnology Worldwide. Cobiotech of the International Council of Scientific Unions and CPL Press, Newbury, Berkshire, UK.Pp. 168-171.
Elfaki, A.E. and H.A. Dirar, M.A. Collins, and D.B. Harper 1991. Biochemical and microbiological investigations of sigda, a Sudanese fermented food derived from sesame oilseed cake.J.Sci. Fd. Agric. 57:351-365.
Dirar, H.A. 1991. Fermentation of sorghum foods in Sudan. In:do It Herself:Woman and Technology Innovation. Pp. 7-8,19 ITDG (Intermediate Technology Development Grop Ltd., Rugby, UK) and UNIFEM (United Nations Development Fund for Women, NY). Proceedings, Africa Regional Seminar. Harare, September 23-27, 1991.
Dirar, H.A. 1992. Sudan’s fermented food heritage in: Applications of Biotechnology to Traditional Fermented Foods, pp. 27-34. BOSTID, National Research Council (USA). National Academy press, Washington, DC.
Dirar, H.A. 1992. The state of microbiology in sub-Saharan Africa with particular emphasis on the Sudan. Soc. Gen. Microbial Quart. (UK) 19(1):2-4,6.
Dirar, H.A. 1992. The indigenous fermented foods and beverages of Sudan. In: Applications of Biotechnology to food processing in Africa. Selected papers from IDDA expert group meeting, Ibadan Nigeria, December 16-20, 1992. pp. 23-40. United Nations Industrial Development Organization )UNIDO(.
Dirar, H.A. 1992. Sudan’s fermented foods: A survival strategy. Africa Notes, September 1992. pp. 5-7. Institute for African development, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA.
Dirar, H.A. 1992. Microbiology Sub-saharan Africa with emphasis on the Sudan. Africa Notes, September 1992. pp. 3-4. Institute for African Development, Cornell University Ithaca, USA.
Dirar, H.A. 1992. Traditional food fermentation technologies and food policies in Africa. Appropriate Technology, ITDG, Rugby, UK. 19(3): 21-23.
Dirar, H.A. 1993. Fermentation techniques and food security in rural Sudan. Biotechnology and Development Monitor (Netherlands), 16:16-17.
El Amin, H.B. I.I. Mekki, Y. Fadlalla and H.A. Dirar, 1992. Biogas technology in the Sudan: a review. Albuhuth, 4 (1-A): 32-64. Proceedings of the First Scientific Conference, Khartoum, Sudan, 25-28 Jan, 1993.
Dirar, H.A. 1994. Indigenous fermented foods and beverages of the rural areas of the Sudan. In : M.M.M. Ahmed (Ed.) Indigenous knowledge for sustainable development in the Sudan. Sudan library series (20). Institute of African and Asian studies, University of Khartoum, Sudan pp. 43-80.
Dirar, H.A. 1994. The fermented foods of the Sudan: a review, ecology of food and nutrition (USA) 32 (3-4): 207-218.
Mekki I.I., H.B. El Amin and H.A. Dirar, 1995. The performance of Indian-type biogas unit under Sudan conditions. University of Khartoum J. Agric. Sci., 2 (2): 101-118.
Mekki I.I., H.B. El Amin and H.A. Dirar, 1994. Methane fermentation of cowdung: effect of loading rate. University of Khartoum J. Agric. Sci., 3 (1): 119-139.
Ayoub, F.N. and Dirar, H.A. 1996. Factors influencing cellulose production by Chaetomium spirale (Zopf) grown on cotton fibre. University of Khartoum J. Agric. Sci., 4 (1): 123-139.
Dirar, H.A. 1996. The fermented foods of Africa: their potential. Genetic gngineering and biotechnology monitor, 1:1-6.
Dirar, H.A. 1995. Bacteria that scavenge germination stimulants? Haustorium, 30:1-2.
Ayoub, F.N. and Dirar, H.A. 1996. A note on celluloytic fungi: isolation and preliminary study of cellulose system. University of Khartoum J. Agric. Sci., 4 (2): 168-171.
Dirar, H.A. 1994. Fermented foods in Sudan. In: Women’s role in innovation of food cycle technologies. Ikaracan. I. and Appleton, H. (eds.). The United Nations development fund for women (UNIFEM). New York, N.Y., USA, pp. 11-15.
Dirar, H.A. 1994. Smoke in Sudanese women’s culture. Same reference as above, pp. 25-26.
Ayoub, F.N. Hamad, S.H. and Dirar, H.A. 1998. Solid-state fermentation of sorghum straw. Univ. Khatroum J. Agric. Sci., 6 (1): 134-149.
Abdel Gadir, W.S., Ahmed, T.K. and Dirar, H.A. 1998. The traditional fermented milk products of the Sudan. International J. of food microbial., 44:1-13.
Dirar, H.A. 1998. Activities of establishing food composition data in the Sudan. In:Establishing food composition data for the near east. Musaigier, A.O. and Miladi, S.S. (eds.), Manama. Bahrein Pp. 83-94.
El Nour, M.E.M., El Tigani, S. and Dirar, H.A. 1999. A microbiogical study of hussuwa: a traditional Sudanese fermented food from germinated sorghum bicolor C.V. feterita. World J. Microbiology and Biotechnology, 15:305-308.
Mekki I.I., H.B. El Amin and H.A. Dirar, 1997. Biotechnology in the Sudan: current status and future prospectives. In: N. Okafor, G. Okereke, E. Miambi and S. Odunfa (eds.). Biotechnology for development in Africa. Foundation for African development through international biotechnology (FADIB), pp. 158-167.
Sulieman, A.E., Dirar, H.A. and Hyndriykx, M. 2004. Isolation and characterization of microorganisms associated with the Sudanese fermented sour milk (robe). Gezira J. Agric. Sci., 2 (1):94-105.
Ahmed, Slma E. and Dirar, H.A. 2005. Studies on the microbiology of kombucha (Tea fungus). U. of K. J. Agric. Sci., 13 (1): 68-84.
Yousif, N.M.K. Dawynolt, P. Abrouel, H., Wijaya, A., Schillinger, U., Vancanneyl, M., Swings, J., Dirar, H.A., Holzapfel, W.H. and Franz, C.M.A.P. 2005. Molecular characterization, technological properties, and safety aspects of enterococci from “Hussuwa” an African fermented sorghum product. J. Appl. Microbiol., 98 (1): 216-228 W1733.
Sulieman, A.E., and Dirar, H.A. 2005. Chemical and microbiological characteristics of raw milk produced by small-holder farmers in Gezira (Sudan). U. of K. J. Agric. Sci., 13 (3): 367-378.
Sherfi, S.A., Aradaib I.F. and Dirar, H.A. 2006. Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction for rapid detection of E.coli strains: a preliminary study. Asian J. cell biology 1 (1): 9-13.
Sherfi, S.A., Dirar, H.A., Hago, B.E., Ahmed, M.E., Musa, H.A., Abu Aisha, H. and Aradaib, I.E. 2007. Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction for direct detection of Escherichia coli strains: environmental samples. Res. J. of microbiology 2 (2): 163-169.
Ahmed, T.K., Hamad, S.H. and Dirar, H.A. 2004. Market survey of the traditional Sudanese indigenous fermented milk product “Rob” . Egyptian J. Dairy Sci., 32:87-97.
Hamadto, S, Dirar, H., and others. 2007. Design and construction supervision of the bioremediation project in Heghig. J. of future studies (JFS), (Sudan). 2 (2): 1-28.
Sulieman, A.E., Dirar, H.A., El Khalifa, E.A., and Ali, A.O. 2009. Effect of fermentation on some chemical components of the Sudanese fermented buttermilk, Robe. J. Sci. Technol., 10 (1): 41-50.
