–         B.Sc. (1965) Agriculture, University of Khartoum.

–         M.Sc. (1967) Food Science, University of California, Davis.

–         Ph.D. (1972) Microbiology, University of California, Davis.

–         Title of M.Sc. thesis: Use of hydrogen peroxide in controlling Pseudomonas fragi in pasteurized milk and half-and-half.

–         Title of Ph.D. thesis: Carbohydrates and citrate metabolism by homofermentative lactobacilli.