April 1973:   B. V. Sc., University of Khartoum, Faculty of  Veterinary Science, the Sudan.

May-Dec.1978: Eight-Months training at the Department of
Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, The state University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.

March 1980:    Master of Science in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of  Amsterdam (ITR-CLB), with the foremost performance in the subjects in the history of ITR/WHO (1977-1982): Two Excellents and V. Good.

Subjects of M. Sc.   Basic Immunology, Theory, practical and research
courses:    project.

M. Sc. Thesis:  Humoral and cellular immune responses to BCG and BCG sub-cellular fractions in the mouse.

1980-1984:   A visiting-associate at the National Institute of Public Health, (RIV) Bilthoven, The Netherlands.

Sept 1984:   Ph.D degree, the State University of Utrecht, The                              Netherlands.

Ph. D.  thesis:  Immunity to experimental cholera in the Rabbit.

Jan.1987:   Attended a short course in Genetic
Engineering Organised by Middlesex Medical School and the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine University of Khartoum.

March 1997:   Participated in a short course in Genetic Engineering Organised by Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Davis California and the University of Khartoum.