{"id":16,"date":"2014-11-20T12:55:07","date_gmt":"2014-11-20T12:55:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/staffpages.uofk.edu\/mukhtar-mustafa\/?page_id=16"},"modified":"2016-07-14T12:09:20","modified_gmt":"2016-07-14T12:09:20","slug":"6-publications","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/staffpages.uofk.edu\/mukhtar-mustafa\/?page_id=16","title":{"rendered":"6. PUBLICATIONS:"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>6.1 Papers in Scientific Refereed Journals<\/p>\n<p>After I completed my official secondment term (1984-1989) from King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and returned to the Universityof Khartoum in 1989, I decided to support the National Research System by initiating the establishment of national scientific refereed Journals in the area and publishing in these Journals. From that time on I published all my research in the two Journal which I initiated in the Faculty of Agriculture and UNESCO Chair of Desertification Studies. The following is the list of my publications:<br \/>\n1.Mustafa, M. A., and J. Letey. 1969. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22271\">The effect of two nonionic surfactants on aggregate stability of soils<\/a>. Soil Science 107: 343-347.<\/p>\n<p>2. Mustafa, M. A., J. Letey, and C. L. Watson. 1970. <a href=\"http:\/\/staffpages.uofk.edu\/mukhtar-mustafa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1243\/2014\/11\/paper-2.pdf\">Evaluation of the intrinsic\u2013 penetrability and \u2013diffusivity concepts to predict horizontal infiltration in porous media<\/a>. Soil Science Society of American Proceedings 34: 369-372.<\/p>\n<p>3. Mustafa, M. A., and J. Letey. 1970 <a href=\"http:\/\/staffpages.uofk.edu\/mukhtar-mustafa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1243\/2014\/11\/paper-3-3.pdf\">Factors influencing effectiveness of two surfactants on water repellent soils. California Agriculture 24 (6): 12-13.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>4. Mustafa, M. A., and J. Letey. 1971. <a href=\"http:\/\/staffpages.uofk.edu\/mukhtar-mustafa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1243\/2014\/11\/paper-4.pdf\">Effect of two nonionic surfactants on penetrability and diffusivity of soils<\/a>. Soil Science 111: 95-100.<\/p>\n<p>5. Watson, C. L., J. Letey, and M. A. Mustafa. 1971<a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22278\">. The influence of liquid surface tension and liquid solid contact angle on liquid entry into porous media<\/a>. Soil Science 112: 178-183.<\/p>\n<p>6. Mustafa, M. A., and Y. Gamar. 1971. <a href=\"http:\/\/staffpages.uofk.edu\/mukhtar-mustafa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1243\/2014\/11\/paper-9.pdf\">The adsorption and desorption of diuron and fluometuron by soils. African Soils <\/a>16: 105-113.<\/p>\n<p>7. Mustafa, M. A., and Y. Gamar. 1972. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22285\">Adsorption and desorption of diuron as a function of soil properties<\/a>. Soil Science Society American Proceedings 36: 561-565.<\/p>\n<p>8. Mustafa, M. A. 1973. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22288\">Appraisal of water quality of the Blue and the White Niles for irrigation use. African Soils.<\/a> 18: 113-124.<\/p>\n<p>9. Gamar, Y. and M. A. Mustafa. 1975. <a href=\"http:\/\/staffpages.uofk.edu\/mukhtar-mustafa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1243\/2014\/11\/paper-91.pdf\">Adsorption and desorption of diquat and paraquat on arid zone soils<\/a>. Soil Science 119: 290-295.<\/p>\n<p>10. Hamid, K. S., and M. A. Mustafa. 1975. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22291\">Dispersion as an index of relative hydraulic conductivity in salt-affected soils of the Sudan<\/a>. Geoderma 14: 107-114.<\/p>\n<p>11. Mustafa, M. A., and K. S. Hamid. 1977. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22293\">Comparisons of two models for predicting the relative hydraulic conductivity in salt-affected swelling soils.<\/a>Soil Science 123: 149-154.<\/p>\n<p>12. El Mahi, Y. E., and M. A. Mustafa. 1980. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22295\">The effects of electrolyte concentration and sodium adsorption ratio on phosphate retention by soils<\/a>.Soil Science 130:321-325.<\/p>\n<p>13. Mustafa, M. A., and E. A. AbdelMagid. 1981. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22355\">The effects of irrigation interval, urea-N and gypsum on salt redistribution in a highly saline-sodic montmorillonitic clay soil under forage sorghum.<\/a> Soil Science 132: 308-315.<\/p>\n<p>14. AbdelMagid, E. A., M. A. Mustafa, and I. Ayed. 1982. <a href=\"http:\/\/staffpages.uofk.edu\/mukhtar-mustafa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1243\/2014\/11\/paper-14.pdf\">The effects of irrigation interval, urea and gypsum on N, P, and K uptake by forage sorghum grown on a highly saline-sodic clay soil<\/a>. Experimental Agriculture 18: 177-182.<\/p>\n<p>15. Mustafa, M. A., and E. A. AbdelMagid. 1982. <a href=\"http:\/\/staffpages.uofk.edu\/mukhtar-mustafa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1243\/2014\/11\/paper-15.pdf\">Interrelationships of irrigation frequency, urea-N and gypsum on forage sorghum growth in a saline-sodic clay soil<\/a>. Agronomy Journal 74: 447-451.<\/p>\n<p>16. Mustafa, M. A., R. de Jong, H. N. Hayhoe, and G. C. Topp. 1983<a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22300\">. Intermittent infiltration and evaporation from soil columns. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 63: 303-314.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>17. Mustafa, M. A., R. de Jong, H. N. Hayhoe, and G. C. Topp. 1983. <a href=\"http:\/\/staffpages.uofk.edu\/mukhtar-mustafa\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1243\/2014\/11\/paper-17.pdf\">Effects of intermittent ponding on salt redistribution through a saline sodic clay soil. Caadian Journal of Agricultural Engineering<\/a>. 27: 105-110.<\/p>\n<p>18. Mustafa, M. A. 1983. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22357\">Quality of borehole waters and their influence on some irrigated soil characteristics in Khartoum province.<\/a> Sudan Journal. of Agriculture 10: 73-82.<\/p>\n<p>19. Mustafa, M. A. 1986. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22303\">Salt-affected soils in the Sudan: their distribution, properties and management<\/a>. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 5: 115-124.<\/p>\n<p>20. Mustafa, M. A., I. A. Ayed, and A. El Eter. 1987. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22304\">Characterization of phosphate retention by some Saudi Arabian soils<\/a>. Journal of the College of Agriculture, King Saud University 9: 339-347.<\/p>\n<p>21. Al-Omran, A. M., M. A. Mustafa, and M. Mursi. 1988. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22406\">The influence of a gel- forming conditioner on water retention and crust strength of some calcareous soils<\/a> Journal of the College of Agriculture, King Saud University. 10:199-207.<\/p>\n<p>22. Al-Omran, A. M., M. A. Mustafa, and A. S. Shalaby. 1987. Intermittent evaporation from soil columns as affected by a gel-forming conditioner. Soil Science Society of America Journal 51: 1593-1599.<\/p>\n<p>23. Mustafa, M. A., I. Ayed, and O.A. Mahgoub. 1988. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22365\">Zinc sorption by some calcareous soils<\/a>. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research, Agr. Biol. Sci. 6: 9-20.<\/p>\n<p>24. Mustafa, M. A., A. M. Al-Omran, A. S. Shalaby, and A. M. Al-Darby. 1988. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22367\">Horizontal infiltration of water in soil columns as affected by a gel-forming conditioner<\/a>. Soil Science 145: 330-336.<\/p>\n<p>25. Dahab, M. H., M. A. Mustafa, and H. A. Abdel Rahman. 1988. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22371\">Intermittent evaporation, moisture distribution, and salt redistribution through a saline- sodic clay soil as affected by irrigation frequency and quantity<\/a>. Soil Science146: 168-175.<\/p>\n<p>26. Mustafa, M. A., Al-Darby, A. M., Al-Omran, A. M., and M. Mursi 1989. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22376\">Impact of agel conditioner and water quality upon soil infiltration.<\/a> Irrigation Science 10:169-176.<\/p>\n<p>26. Mustafa, M. A., K. A. Agabawi, and M. F. Zoghet. 1989.<a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22373\">Estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration for the life zones of Saudi Arabia.<\/a> Journal of Arid Environment 17: 293-300.<\/p>\n<p>27. Mustafa, M. A., K. A. Agabawi, and M. F. Zoghet. 1989. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22374\">Irrigation water requirements of wheat in the life zones of Saudi Arabia<\/a>. Journal of Arid Environment 17: 349-354.<\/p>\n<p>28. Al-Darby, A. M., M. A. Mustafa, A. M. Al-Omran, and M. O. Mahjoub.1989.<a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22375\"> Effect of wheat residues and evaporative demands on intermittent evaporation<\/a>. Soil Tillage Research 15: 105-116.<\/p>\n<p>29. Al-Omran, A. M., M. A. Mustafa, and A. A. Shalaby. 1990. Response of wheat to irrigation regime and a gel-conditioner. Journal of King Saud University 2: Agriculture Science 1: 139-145.<\/p>\n<p>30. Al-Omran, A. M., A. A. Shalaby, M. A. Mustafa, and A. M. Al-Darby. 1990. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22377\">Impact of water quality on crust strength of a gel-conditioned calcareous sandy soil. <\/a>Soil Technology 3: 57-62.<\/p>\n<p>31. Al-Darby, A. M., M. A. Mustafa, and A. M. Al-Omran. 1990.<a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22378\"> Effect of water quality on infiltration of a loamy sand soil treated with three gel conditioners.<\/a> Soil Technology 3: 83-90.<\/p>\n<p>32. Al-Omran, A. M., M. A. Mustafa, A. M. Al-Darby, and A. A. Shalaby. 1991. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22052\">Gel- conditioned barriers for water management of sandy soils<\/a>. Irration Science 12: 7-12.<\/p>\n<p>33. Al-Omran, A. M., A. M. Al-Darby, M. A. Mustafa, and A. A. Shalaby. 1991. Impact of gel-conditioners and water salinity on intermittent evapaoration. Egyptian Journal of Soil Science 4: 575-588.<\/p>\n<p>34. Malik, M., M. A. Mustafa, and J. Letey. 1992. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22379\">Effect of mixed Na\/Ca solutions on swelling, dispersion and transient water flow in unsaturated montmorillonitic <\/a>soils. Geoderma 52: 17-28.<\/p>\n<p>35. Babiker, I. A., M. A. Mustafa, and E. T. M. Salih. 1994. Desertification assessment and mapping methodology in Sudan. Al Buhuth Science Journal 4: 9-39<\/p>\n<p>36. Abdel Rahman, H. A., M. H. Dahab, and M. A. Mustafa. 1996. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22382\">Impact of soil amendments on intermittent evaporationm moisture distributio<\/a>n, and salt redistribution in saline-sodic clay soil columns. Soil Science 161: 793-802..<\/p>\n<p>37. Baraka, A. H. A, T.E. D. Sh. M. Hago, and M. A. Mustafa. 1999. Effects of irrigation regime and farm yard manure on yield and water use of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) on a salt-affected clay soil. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Scienc7:115.<\/p>\n<p>38. Baraka, A. H. A., M. A. Mustafa, and T.E.D. Sh. M. Hago. 2000. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22384\">Influence of irrigation regime and farm yard manure on salt redistribution in a highly saline-sodic Vertic Natrargid under lucerne and Atriplex.<\/a> University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science. 8: 17- 33.<\/p>\n<p>39. Izzeldin S. I. M., M. A. Mustafa, and A. M. E. Mohamed. 2000. Impact of irrigation method and plough depth on wheat productivity in a saline-sodic soil in Dongola, Sudan. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 8: 34 \u2013 50.<\/p>\n<p>40. Mohamed, Mahasin A., and M. A. Mustafa. 2000. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/1981\">Shrinkage of Vetisols as affected by clay content, salinity and sodicity.<\/a> University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science. 8 (1): 1424.<\/p>\n<p>41. Hago, T. E. D. Sh. M., M. A. Mustafa and A. H. A. Baraka. 2000. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/2005\">A note on the performance of Atriplex under different irrigation regimes on a saline clay soil.<\/a> University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 8 (2):161 \u2013166.<\/p>\n<p>42.Mohamed, Mahasin A. and M. A. Mustafa 2001. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/2010\">Impact of clay content, salinity and sodicity on soil strength of some Vertisols and an Aridisol.<\/a> University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 9 (1): 1-18.<\/p>\n<p>43. Ibrahim, Abdel Samad A. and M. A. Mustafa. 2001. Spatial variation of infiltration rate and related soil properties in a central Gezira soil.I. Conventional Statistics. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 9 (2): 168-182.<\/p>\n<p>44. Mustafa, M. A. and Ibrahim, Abdel Samad A. (2001). <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/2027\">Spatial variation of infiltration rate and related soil properties in a central Gezira soil.II. Geostatistical Methods<\/a>. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 9 (2): 183-200.<\/p>\n<p>45. Mustafa, M. A. and Medani, G. H. 2003. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/2101\">Wind erodibility of soils from Khartoum State.<\/a> University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 11 (2):149-164.<\/p>\n<p>46. Medani, G.H. and Mustafa, M.A. 2004. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/2124\">Wind erodibility of soils from North Darfur State<\/a>. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 11(3): 369 \u2013 384.<\/p>\n<p>47. Ishag, A. and Mustafa, M. A (2005). Swelling of Gezira Vertisol series in relation to some of their physical and chemical charateristics. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 13 (1): 1-17<\/p>\n<p>48. Abdalla, S. A. and Mustafa, M. A. 2005.<a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/9249\"> Impact of the micro-catchment&#8217;s water- harvesting technique on sorghum growth and yield in Southern Darfur State.<\/a> University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 13 (1): 18-34.<\/p>\n<p>49. Ali, Muataz S. M.; Mustafa, M. A and Saeed, A. B. 2006. Spatial and temporal variation of water intake and surface runoff from the long-furrow irrigation system in Kenana sugare cane plantation. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 14 (1):122.<\/p>\n<p>50. Hashim, Yasir M. and Mustafa, M.A. 2007. Monitoring and forcasting of sorghum yield in three areas of the mechanized rain-fed agriculture in the Sudan. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 15 (1): 1-22<\/p>\n<p>51. Ali, Muataz S. M.; Mustafa, M. A. and Saeed, A. B. 2007. Assessment of irrigation scheduling in Kenana Sugar cane Scheme. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 15 (2): 244-258.<\/p>\n<p>52. Mustafa, M.A. and Hashim, Yasir M. 2007. Monitoring and forcasting of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) yield in two areas in Western Sudan. Sudan. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science. 15 (3): 327-347.<\/p>\n<p>53. Osman, K.E.M. and Mustafa, M. A. 2009. The hydrothermal soil regime under gum Arabic trees (Acacia senegal (L) Willd) In Al-Rawashda Forest, Al-Gedarif State, Sudan. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 17 (1): 35-59.<\/p>\n<p>54. Elsayed, F.K., Mustafa, M. A. and Ganawa, E.S. 2009. Appraisal of ground water quality and its impact on irrigated soils in Khartoum State, Sudan. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 17 (1): 60-83.<\/p>\n<p>55. Abdelwahab, M.H., Mustafa, M. A. and Ganawa, E.S. 2009. Spatial variation of wind erodibility of soils from the Northern State, Sudan. Sudan Journal of Desertification Research 1 (1): 56-70.<\/p>\n<p>56. Ahmed, F.A.M. and Mustafa, M. A. 2009. Spatial and seasonal variation of the water quality of the Red Sea. Sudan Journal of Desertification Research 1 (1): 155-168.<\/p>\n<p>57. Ahmed, F.A.M. and Mustafa, M. A. 2010. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/6756\">Salinity and sodicity of well waters and soils at the Red Sea Coastal Region.<\/a> Sudan Journal of Desertification Research 2 (1): 14-28.<\/p>\n<p>57. Mohamed, F.Y.E. and Mustafa, M. A. 2010. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/6757\">Monitoring and forcasting of crops&#8217; yield in North and South Kordofan and West Darfor States<\/a>, Sudan Journal of Desertification Research 1 (2): 29-48.<\/p>\n<p>58. Ahmed, M.S M and Mustafa, M. A. 2010. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/7317\">A note on the impact of Red Sea dilutions on germination and growth of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.).<\/a> Sudan Journal of Desertification Research 1 (2): 120-126.<\/p>\n<p>59. Abdalla, S. A., Mustafa, M. A. and Fadlamula, M. 2010.Use of supplementary irrigation for improvement of growh and yield of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Monech] in North Darfur State. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 18 (2): 135-152.<\/p>\n<p>60. Mohamed, M.A.E. and Mustafa, M. A. 2011.<a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/22414\"> Assesment and mapping of wind erodibility of Aridisols and Entisols in the Red Sea State<\/a>, Sudan. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 2 (1): 128-144.<\/p>\n<p>61.Hassan, A.A. and Mustafa, M. A. 2011. Assesment and mapping of wind erodibility of Aridisols and Entisols in the Nile State, Sudan. Sudan Journal of Desertification Research 3 (1): 49-61.<\/p>\n<p>62. Fadul, E.L.A.M. and Mustafa, M.A. 2011. <a href=\"http:\/\/khartoumspace.uofk.edu\/handle\/123456789\/7324\">The impact of irrigation frequency and farmyard manure on wheat productivity on a salie-sodic soil in Dongola<\/a>, the Northern State, Sudan. Sudan Journal of Desertification Research 3 (1):73-87.<\/p>\n<p>63. Mustafa, M.A. and Abel-Rahim, H.A. 2012. Impact of soil regimes and soil ammendments on forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) growth and salt redistribution in a saline \u2013sodic clay soil under foarage sorghum at Shambat, Sudan. Sudan Journal of Desertification Research 4 (1):34-51.<\/p>\n<p>64 Mustafa, M.A. and Abel-Rahim, H.A. 2012. Impact of soil regimes and soil ammendments on forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) growth and yield in a saline \u2013sodic clay soil at Shambat, Sudan. Sudan Journal of Desertification Research 4 (1):80-94.<\/p>\n<p>65. Mustafa, M.A. and Abel-Rahim, H.A. 2012. Note on a double-ring infiltrometer with a water tank fitted with a float and a side manometer. Sudan Journal of Desertification Research 4 (1):143-148.<\/p>\n<p>66. Mustafa, M.A. and Abel-Rahim, H.A. 2012. Impact of soil regimes and soil ammendments on forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) growth and salt redistribution in a saline \u2013sodic clay soil under foarage sorghum at Shambat, Sudan. Sudan Journal of Desertification Research 4 (1):34-51.<\/p>\n<p>67. Mustafa, M.A. and Abel-Rahim, H.A. 2012. Impact of soil regimes and soil ammendments on forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) growth and yield in a saline \u2013sodic clay soil at Shambat, Sudan. Sudan Journal of Desertification Research 4 (1):80-94.<\/p>\n<p>68. Mustafa, M.A., Mahjoub, M.O. and Elbassir, O.I. 2012. Note on a double-ring infiltrometer with a water tank fitted with a float and a side manometer. Sudan Journal of Desertification Research 4 (1):143-148.<br \/>\n6.2 ENCYCLOPEDIA ENTRY (by invitation)<\/p>\n<p>Mustafa, M. A. 1979. Dispersion phenomenon in soils. Encyclopedia of Soil Science.PartI.Encyclopedia of Earth Science Series. Vol. XII: 124-127.<\/p>\n<p>6.3 BOOKS:<\/p>\n<p>(a) Mustafa, M. A. 2007. Desertification Processes. Published by UNESCO Chair of Desertification Studies, Sudan, Khartoum University Press, 230pp. ISBN 978-99942-853-89<br \/>\n(\u0628)\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 2008. \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629). \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645. 206 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639:411\/2008\u060c \u0631\u062f\u0645\u0643 (ISBN):3-7-890-99942-978<br \/>\n(\u062c) \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0637\u0641\u0649 2008 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c 151 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639:478\/2008\u060c \u0631\u062f\u0645\u0643 (ISBN):9-7-894-99942-978<br \/>\n(\u062f) \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 2012. \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c 425 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629.<br \/>\n6.4 EDITING OF PROCEESDINGS etc.<\/p>\n<p>1. Mustafa, M.A., Nour, I. El Khidir, Kider, M. O., Burhan, H. O., El Harith, M., and El Bala, M.M.A. (eds). The Agricultural Dictionary, English-Arabic, Series of Scientific Dictionaries, The High Commission of Arabcization, The Ministry of Higher Education, Sudan.<\/p>\n<p>2. Mustafa, M. A. (ed.) 2003. Mass Media Communication and Desertification.<\/p>\n<p>Proceedings of a SACD National Workshop, Al Sharga Hall, U.of K. 8 June<\/p>\n<p>2003. (in Arabic)<\/p>\n<p>3. Mustafa, M. A. (ed.) 2004. Degradation of Natural Resource and Desertification<\/p>\n<p>Hazard in Southern Sudan. Proceedings of a SACD National Workshop, Al<\/p>\n<p>Sharga Hall, U.of K. 29 August 2004. (in Arabic)<\/p>\n<p>4. Mustafa, M.A. and Mahdi, A.A.(eds). 2004. Proceedings of the National Forum of Scientific Research on Desertification in the Sudan, 16-18 March, 2004, Al Sharga Hall, University of Khartoum, Sudan, Published by UNESCO Chair of Desertification Studies, Sudan, Khartoum University Press, 325pp.<\/p>\n<p>5. Mustafa, M.A. and El-Nadi, A.M.H. (eds). 2007. The National Action Plan of Researchon Desertificaation in Sudan. Published by UNESCO Chair of Desertification Studies, Sudan. Khartoum University Press,140pp.<\/p>\n<p>6. Mustafa, M.A. and Mahdi, A.A.(eds). 2008. Proceedings of the National Symposium of Sustainable Use of the Drylands in Sudan. 17-18 June, 2008, Al Sharga Hall, University of Khartoum, Sudan, Published by UNESCO Chair of Desertification Studies, Sudan, Khartoum University Press, 333pp.<\/p>\n<p>7. Mustafa, M. A. (ed.) 2009. Proceedings of the National Symposium of Sustainable Rain-fed Agriculture in Sudan. 17-18 November, 2009, Al Sharga Hall, University of Khartoum, Sudan, Published by UNESCO Chair of Desertification Studies, Sudan, Khartoum University Press, 230pp.<\/p>\n<p>6.5 CONFERENCES, WORKSHOPS etc<\/p>\n<p>1. Mustafa, M. A. 1969. The influence of nonionic surfactants on unsteady water flow in unsaturated porous media. University Microfilm, A Xerox Co., Michigan, USA.70p.<\/p>\n<p>2. Mustafa, M. A. 1969. Nonionic surfactants effect upon soil aggregate stability. Proceedings of The Symposium on Water Repellent Soils, University of California, Riverside, May 6-10, 1968: 171-175.<\/p>\n<p>3. Said, M. B., and M. A. Mustafa. 1978 Problems of soil productivity under arid and semi-arid conditions of the Sudan. Proceedings of the workshop on maximizing soil productivity under arid and semi-arid conditions. October 23-26. Alexandria, Egypt.<\/p>\n<p>4. Mustafa, M. A. (as Sudan National Coordinator for writing SNAP) 1993. IGADD Workshop for the sub-regional coordination and elaboration of the methodology for writing the National Action Programs. Addis Abba 25-27, October, 1993.<\/p>\n<p>5. Mustafa, M. A. ( member of Sudan delegation) 1993. IGADD Workshop for discussing IGADD sub-regional case study for INCD, Nairobi, Kenya. December, 1993.<\/p>\n<p>6. Mustafa, M. A. 1995. A summary of the Sudan national report as an input for IGADD sub-region case study for INCD. Workshop of information, awareness days and Sudan five-year program, 5-7 July 1995. Friendship Hall, Khartoum, Sudan.<\/p>\n<p>7. Mustafa, M. A. (member of Sudan Delegation). 1995. IGADD Consultation on the Implementation of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification and Drought . Asmara, Eriteria, August 1-3, 1995.<\/p>\n<p>8. Mustafa, M. A. 1999. National action program: evaluation management and networking in Sudan. Presented in the: National Form for Implementing the National Program for combating Desertification. 26-28th October,1999, Khartoum.<\/p>\n<p>9. Mustafa, M. A. 2000. National action programs: Elaboration, Management and Networking. Dubai International Conference on Desertification, 12-15th February, 2000, Jumairah Beach Hotel, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.<\/p>\n<p>10. Rizgalla, A. M., M. A. Mustafa, and J. Madibo.2000. Wind erosion in North Kordofan State, Sudan. Dubai International Conference on Desertification, 12-15th February, 2000, Jumairah Beach Hotel, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.<\/p>\n<p>11. Ibrahim, I. S., Ahmed, M. M., Mustafa, M. A. and El Hag, M. A. (2003). Preliminary study of sand erosion in south Khartoum area, Sudan. In A. S. Alsharhan, W. W. Wood, A.S. Goudie, A. Fowler aand E.M. Abdellatif (eds.), Desertification in the Third Millennium, Swets &amp; Zeitlinger (Balkema) Publishers, The Netherlands, ISBN 90 5809 5711,p461466.<\/p>\n<p>11. Mustafa, M. A. and Saeed, A.B. 2004. Strategy and methodology of research on desertification in the Sudan: Soil and water conservation sector. Proceedings of the National Forum of Scientific Research on Desertification in the Sudan, 16-18 March, 2004, Al Sharga Hall, University of Khartoum, Sudan.<\/p>\n<p>12. Mustafa, M. A. 2004. A vision of a national desertification research strategy as conceptualized from the united nations convension for combating desertification. Proceedings of the National Forum of Scientific Research on Desertification in the Sudan, 16-18 March, 2004, Al Sharga Hall, University of Khartoum, Sudan.<\/p>\n<p>13. Mustafa, M. A. 2004. Traditional Knowledge and Modern Technology for Sustainable Agricultural Development of the Dry lands of the Sudan. In the Proceedings of the International Workshop: &#8220;Traditional Knowledge and Modern Technology for the Sustainable Management of Dryland Eecosystems.\u201d Elista, Kalmykia, Russian Federation 23 \u2013 27 June 2004<\/p>\n<p>13. Rehan, Sanieia A. and Mustafa, M. A. 2005 Wind Erodibility of Soils from the Gezira State, Sudan. In the Proceedings of the Regional Workshop :&#8221;Scientific Research and National Research Plans of Action for Combating desertification.&#8221;, Tuesday 22 \u2013 Thursday 24 November 2005, Al Sharga Hall, University of Khartoum.<\/p>\n<p>14. Mohamed, Alwaia Y. and Mustafa, M. A. 2005.Wind Erodibility of Soils from the White Nile State, Sudan. In the Proceedings of the Regional Workshop:&#8221;Scientific Research and National Research Plans of Action for Combating desertification.&#8221;, Tuesday 22 \u2013 Thursday 24 November 2005, Al Sharga Hall, University of Khartoum.<\/p>\n<p>15. Mustafa, M. A. 2005. National Action Plan of Research on Desertification in the Sudan. In the Proceedings of the Regional Workshop:&#8221;Scientific Research and National Research Plans of Action for Combating desertification.&#8221;, Tuesday 22 \u2013 Thursday 24 November 2005, Al Sharga Hall, University of Khartoum.<\/p>\n<p>16. Mustafa, M. A. 2005. National Networking of Desertification Research Institutions: Vision of the Statute and General Regulation. In the Proceedings of the Regional Workshop:&#8221;Scientific Research and National Research Plans of Action for Combating desertification.&#8221;, Tuesday 22 \u2013 Thursday 24 November 2005, Al Sharga Hall, University of Khartoum<\/p>\n<p>17. Mustafa, M. A. 2006. Impact of wind erosion on the White Nile Sugarcane Project and a strategy for its control. In the Proceedings of the Workshop:&#8221; The Soils of the White Nile Sugar Project: An Integrated Management Strategy.&#8221; Wedneday, 22\/11\/ 2006, Al-Shaheed Al Zobeir Mohamed Salih Hall,. Khartoum, the Republic of Sudan.<\/p>\n<p>17. Mustafa, M. A. 2007. Organizational Structure of the National Action Programme (Combating Desertification Act , 2007). Presented in the National Workshop entitled: &#8220;National Action Programme: Implementation, Organizational Structure and Financing&#8221;, The Green Hall, The National Council, Omdurman, !7th June, 2007.<\/p>\n<p>18. Mustafa, M. A. 2007. Plan of action for research on desertification: Southern States., 113-128, In:The National Action Plan of Research on Desertificaation in Sudan. Published by UNESCO Chair of Desertification Studies, Sudan. Khartoum University Press,140pp.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 2007. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 (\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 2007). \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a 17 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2007\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645.<br \/>\n\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 2009. \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a. \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c 17 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2009\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645.<br \/>\n\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 2010. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631<br \/>\n\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644: \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a 17 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2010 \u060c \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645.<br \/>\n\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 2011. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631. \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a 20 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2011 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>6.6 CONSULTATIONS, REPORTS etc.<\/p>\n<p>1. Mustafa, M. A., I. S. Ibrahim, and M. I. Mohamed. 1982. Soils of the Sudan. 30 p.<\/p>\n<p>In Renewable Natural Resources of the Sudan. Sudan National Council for<\/p>\n<p>Scientific Research. Invitational chapter.<\/p>\n<p>2. Mustafa, M. A. 1981. Salt redistribution through a saline-sodic clay soil. A final<\/p>\n<p>report in fulfillment of a Research Associate Award, IDRC, Ottawa,<\/p>\n<p>Canada.<br \/>\n3. Mustafa, M. A. (team leader) et al. (1991). Utilization, management and reclamation of salt-affected soils of the Sudan. A formulation Document of an IGADD development Project.<\/p>\n<p>4. Mustafa, M. A. 1993. Sudan National Report. An Input for IGADD Sub-regional<\/p>\n<p>Case Study for the Intergovernmental Negotiation Committee on<\/p>\n<p>Desertification (INCD).<\/p>\n<p>5. Mustafa, M. A. (team leader). 1995. Sudan National Action Program. A project<\/p>\n<p>concept submitted to NDDU.<\/p>\n<p>6. Mustafa, M. A., and I. A. Babiker (Consultants). 1995. Combating desertification<\/p>\n<p>as an integral part of sustainable development . A UNDP project concept.<br \/>\n7. Mustafa. M. A., I. S. Ibrahim, and El-Tigani M. Salih. 1997. Networking of<\/p>\n<p>Institutions , Agencies and Bodies in IGAD Sub-region. A project proposal<\/p>\n<p>submitted to the Committee on Science and Technology, INCD.<br \/>\n8. Mustafa, M. A. 1998. Salt-affected soils of the Sudan, their water management and reclamation challenges. Refresher Course on Land Drainage, APP for Water Management and Drainage, El Kanater, Cairo, 7-17 \u200eDecember\u200e,\u200e\u200e 1998.<\/p>\n<p>6.7 SELECTED ACADEMIC REPORTS, PAPERS, etc.<\/p>\n<p>1. Igboeli,G., D. Evans, M. Ashraf, M. A. Mustafa, and B. Beharrel. 1975. Report on the regulations for higher degrees in the School of Agricultural Sciences,<\/p>\n<p>University of Zambia.<br \/>\n2. Mustafa, M. A. (ed.) 1976. The School of Agricultural Sciences development plan at the rural campus. A report submitted to the Vice Chancellor, University of Zambia.<\/p>\n<p>3. Musafa, M. A. 1978. A summary of the point classification system of the B.Sc.<\/p>\n<p>(Agric.) Hon. Degree. A paper submitted to the Staff , Faculty of<\/p>\n<p>Agriculture, U. of K.<br \/>\n4. Mustafa, M. A. 1978. On the modification of the official transcripts of the<\/p>\n<p>B.Sc.(Agric.) Hon. Degree. A report submitted to the Dean Faculty of<\/p>\n<p>Agriculture, U. of K.<br \/>\n5. Mustafa, M. A. 1979. On the development of field training of the students of the<\/p>\n<p>Faculty of Agriculture. A report in Arabic (in Arabic) submitted to the Farm<\/p>\n<p>training Committee, Faculty of Agriculture, U. of K.<\/p>\n<p>6. Mustafa, M. A., and G. M. El-Hassan. 1982. Evaluation of the examination results<\/p>\n<p>and degree classification system in the Faculty of Agriculture, University of<\/p>\n<p>Khartoum (in Arabic). Presented in: The Fourth Symposium of The<\/p>\n<p>Admission and Registration Officials in The Arab Universities.<\/p>\n<p>7. El-Hassan, G. M., and M. A. Mustafa. 1982. Curriculum and academic system in<\/p>\n<p>the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum (in Arabic). Presented in:<\/p>\n<p>The Fourth Symposium of The Admission and Registration Officials in The<\/p>\n<p>Arab Universities.<\/p>\n<p>8. Mustafa, M. A. Higher agricultural education in Sudan. In \u201c Working papers ,<\/p>\n<p>FAO Expert Consultation on: Strategies for Higher Agricultural Education For<br \/>\nThe Year 2000 and Beyond In The Near East Region. Cairo, Egypt, 20-23<\/p>\n<p>December, 1992\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>9. Mustafa, M. A. 1992. Methodology of teaching soil science in Arabic. Presented<\/p>\n<p>in the general session of: The Symposium on Glossary of Terms and<\/p>\n<p>Methodology of Teaching Agricultural Sciences in Arabic Language. 5-8th<\/p>\n<p>January, 1992. Al Sharga Hall, U. of K.<\/p>\n<p>10. Mustafa, M. A. 1992. Arabic glossary of Soil Science terms . Presented in the<\/p>\n<p>specialized session for soil scientists in: The symposium on Glossary of<\/p>\n<p>Terms and Methodology of Teaching Agricultural Sciences in Arabic<\/p>\n<p>language. 5-8th January 1992, Faulty of Agriculture, U. of K.<\/p>\n<p>11. Mustafa, M. A. 1993. Curriculum development in the Faculty of Agriculture,<\/p>\n<p>Univesity of Khartoum. Delivered in the: Conference of agricultural<\/p>\n<p>education in Sudan, the University of Gezira, Wad Medani.<\/p>\n<p>7. COMMUNITY SERVICE<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631(\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639)<\/p>\n<p>1. Many general lectures within the UNESCO Public Awareness Program were presented in wokshops\/forums organized in the various States in Collaboration with the Departments Departments of Natural Resources of the State Ministries of Agriculture, Animal Resources and Irrigation or the National Universities in these States. The topics considered included various aspects including processes and combating of desertification, strategies and plans of action of research, the National Action Programs, legistlations and policies. The States included Khartoum, Nahr Al-Niel, White Nile, Gedarif, Kordufan, the Red Sea.<\/p>\n<p>2.7 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>1.2.7 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<p>1. \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2006). \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c 28 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2006.<br \/>\n2. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2009).<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sudaress.com\/rayaam\/34387\"> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a<\/a>. \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u060c 10 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2009.<\/p>\n<p>3. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2009). \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a. \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c 12 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2009.<\/p>\n<p>4. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2010). \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c 29 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 (2010). \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u064a\u0631\u063a\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a 31 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2009 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>5. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2010). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631&#8230; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c 18 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2010.<\/p>\n<p>2.2.7 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<p>1. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2003). \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646:&#8221; \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062d\u0630\u0631!! (70%) \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621!!\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c 6 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2003.<\/p>\n<p>2. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2003). \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a: &#8220;\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0647 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631&#8221;\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u060c 29 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2003.<\/p>\n<p>3. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2008). \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646:&#8221; \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631:72% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a..&#8221; \u060c \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c 18 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2008.<\/p>\n<p>4. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2009). \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645) \u060c \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c 7 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2009.<\/p>\n<p>5. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2010). \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c 11 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2010.<\/p>\n<p>3.2.7 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<p>1. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u062b (2005). \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648: \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631. \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0633.. \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.. \u0648\u063a\u062f\u0627\u060c 26 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2005.<\/p>\n<p>2. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f 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2006.<\/p>\n<p>8. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2008). \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646- 15 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c 18 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2008.<\/p>\n<p>9. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2009). 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2009.<\/p>\n<p>11. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2009). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u064a\u0636\u0631\u0628 13 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u064a\u0636\u0631\u0628 15 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f)\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2009.<\/p>\n<p>12. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2009). 63% \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c 19 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2009.<\/p>\n<p>13. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2009). 63% \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631- \u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0634\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 18 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2009.<\/p>\n<p>14. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2009). 63% \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629) \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631&#8221; (Khartoum Monitor)\u060c 18 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2009.<\/p>\n<p>15. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2009). 63\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a.. \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c 21 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2009.<\/p>\n<p>16. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u062b (2010). \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644:&#8221; \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0622\u064a\u0628\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 29 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2004\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0633.. \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.. \u0648\u063a\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2010.<\/p>\n<p>17. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2011). \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631: \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631, \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644. 21 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2011.<\/p>\n<p>18. \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2011). \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621: \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f 22 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2011.<\/p>\n<p>Other publications are in the pipeline.<\/p>\n<p>ENCYCLOPEDIA ENTRY (by invitation)<\/p>\n<p>Mustafa, M. A. 1979. Dispersion phenomenon in soils. Encyclopedia of Soil<\/p>\n<p>Science. Part I. Encyclopedia of Earth Science Series. Vol. XII: 124-127.<\/p>\n<p>BOOKS, PROCEESDINGS ETC.<\/p>\n<p>1. Mustafa, M.A., Nour, I. El Khidir, Kider, M. O., Burhan, H. O., El Harith, M., El<\/p>\n<p>Bala, M.M.A. (eds). The Agricultural Dictionary, English-Arabic, Series of<\/p>\n<p>Scientific Dictionaries, The High Commission of Arabcization, The Ministry<\/p>\n<p>of Higher Education, Sudan.<\/p>\n<p>2. Mustafa, M. A. (ed.) 2003. Mass Media Communication and Desertification.<\/p>\n<p>Proceedings of a SACD National Workshop, Al Sharga Hall, U.of K. 8 June<\/p>\n<p>2003. (in Arabic)<\/p>\n<p>3. Mustafa, M. A. (ed.) 2004. Degradation of Natural Resource and Desertification<\/p>\n<p>Hazard in Southern Sudan. Proceedings of a SACD National Workshop, Al<\/p>\n<p>Sharga Hall, U.of K. 29 August 2004. (in Arabic)<\/p>\n<p>4. Mustafa, M.A. and Mahdi, A.A.(eds). 2004. Proceedings of the National Forum of Scientific Research on Desertification in the Sudan, 16-18 March, 2004, Al Sharga Hall, University of Khartoum, Sudan, Published by UNESCO Chair of Desertification Studies, Sudan, Khartoum University Press, 325pp.<\/p>\n<p>5. Mustafa, M. A. 2007. Desertification Processes. Published by UNESCO Chair of Desertification Studies, Sudan, Khartoum University Press, 230pp. ISBN 978-99942-853-8-9<\/p>\n<p>6. Mustafa, M.A. and El-Nadi, A.M.H. (eds). 2007. The National Action Plan of Research on Desertification in Sudan. Published by UNESCO Chair of Desertification Studies, Sudan. Khartoum University Press,140pp.<\/p>\n<p>7. Mustafa, M.A. and Mahdi, A.A.(eds). 2008. Proceedings of the National Symposium of Sustainable Use of the Drylands in Sudan. 17-18 June, 2008, Al Sharga Hall, University of Khartoum, Sudan, Published by UNESCO Chair of Desertification Studies, Sudan, Khartoum University Press, 333pp.<\/p>\n<p>Papers in books<\/p>\n<p>1. Ibrahim, I. S., Ahmed, M. M., Mustafa, M. A. and El Hag, M. A. (2003).<\/p>\n<p>Preliminary study of sand erosion in south Khartoum area, Sudan. In A. S.<\/p>\n<p>Alsharhan, W. W. Wood, A.S. Goudie, A. Fowler aand E.M. Abdellatif (eds.), Desertification in the Third Millennium, Swets &amp; Zeitlinger (Balkema) Publishers, The Netherlands, ISBN 90 5809 5711, p 461- 466.<\/p>\n<p>CONFERENCES, WORKSHOPS etc<\/p>\n<p>1. Mustafa, M. A. 1969. The influence of nonionic surfactants on unsteady water flow in unsaturated porous media. University Microfilm, A Xerox Co., Michigan, USA.70p.<\/p>\n<p>2. Mustafa, M. A. 1969. Nonionic surfactants effect upon soil aggregate stability.<\/p>\n<p>Proceedings of The Symposium on Water Repellent Soils, University of<\/p>\n<p>California, Riverside, May 6-10, 1968: 171-175.<\/p>\n<p>3. Said, M. B., and M. A. Mustafa. 1978 Problems of soil productivity under arid and semi-arid conditions of the Sudan. Proceedings of the workshop on<\/p>\n<p>maximizing soil productivity under arid and semi-arid conditions. October<\/p>\n<p>23-26. Alexandria, Egypt.<\/p>\n<p>4. Mustafa, M. A. (as Sudan National Coordinator for writing SNAP) 1993. IGADD<\/p>\n<p>Workshop for the sub-regional coordination and elaboration of the<\/p>\n<p>methodology for writing the National Action Programs. Addis Abba 25-27,<\/p>\n<p>October, 1993.<\/p>\n<p>5. Mustafa, M. A. ( member of Sudan delegation) 1993. IGADD Workshop for<\/p>\n<p>discussing IGADD sub-regional case study for INCD, Nairobi, Kenya.<\/p>\n<p>December, 1993.<\/p>\n<p>6. Mustafa, M. A. 1995. A summary of the Sudan national report as an input for<\/p>\n<p>IGADD sub-region case study for INCD. Workshop of information,<\/p>\n<p>awareness days and Sudan five-year program, 5-7 July 1995. Friendship<\/p>\n<p>Hall, Khartoum, Sudan.<\/p>\n<p>7. Mustafa, M. A. (member of Sudan Delegation). 1995. IGADD Consultation on<\/p>\n<p>the Implementation of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification and<\/p>\n<p>Drought . Asmara, Eriteria, August 1-3, 1995.<\/p>\n<p>8. Mustafa, M. A. 1999. National action program: evaluation management and<\/p>\n<p>networking in Sudan. Presented in the: National Form for Implementing the<\/p>\n<p>National Program for combating Desertification. 26-28th October,1999,<\/p>\n<p>Khartoum.<\/p>\n<p>9. Mustafa, M. A. 2000. National action programs: Elaboration, Management and<\/p>\n<p>Networking. Dubai International Conference on Desertification, 12-15th<\/p>\n<p>February, 2000, Jumairah Beach Hotel, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.<\/p>\n<p>10. Rizgalla, A. M., M. A. Mustafa, and J. Madibo.2000. Wind erosion in North<\/p>\n<p>Kordofan State, Sudan. Dubai International Conference on Desertification,<\/p>\n<p>12-15th February, 2000, Jumairah Beach Hotel, Dubai, United Arab<\/p>\n<p>Emirates.<\/p>\n<p>11. Mustafa, M. A. and Saeed, A.B. 2004. Strategy and methodology of research on<\/p>\n<p>desertification in the Sudan: Soil and water conservation sector. Proceedings<\/p>\n<p>of the National Forum of Scientific Research on Desertification in the Sudan,<\/p>\n<p>16-18 March, 2004, Al Sharga Hall, University of Khartoum, Sudan.<\/p>\n<p>12. Mustafa, M. A. 2004. A vision of a national desertification research strategy as<\/p>\n<p>conceptualized from the united nations convension for combating<\/p>\n<p>desertification. Proceedings of the National Forum of Scientific Research on<\/p>\n<p>Desertification in the Sudan, 16-18 March, 2004, Al Sharga Hall, University<\/p>\n<p>of Khartoum, Sudan.<\/p>\n<p>13. Mustafa, M. A. 2004. Traditional Knowledge and Modern Technology for<\/p>\n<p>Sustainable Agricultural Development of the Dry lands of the Sudan. In the<\/p>\n<p>Proceedings of the International Workshop: &#8220;Traditional Knowledge and<\/p>\n<p>Modern Technology for the Sustainable Management of Dryland<\/p>\n<p>Eecosystems.\u201d Elista, Kalmykia, Russian Federation 23 \u2013 27 June 2004<\/p>\n<p>13. Rehan, Sanieia A. and Mustafa, M. A. 2005 Wind Erodibility of Soils from<\/p>\n<p>the Gezira State, Sudan. In the Proceedings of the Regional Workshop<\/p>\n<p>:&#8221;Scientific Research and National Research Plans of Action for Combating<\/p>\n<p>desertification.&#8221;, Tuesday 22 \u2013 Thursday 24 November 2005, Al Sharga Hall,<\/p>\n<p>University of Khartoum.<\/p>\n<p>14. Mohamed, Alwaia Y. and Mustafa, M. A. 2005.Wind Erodibility of<\/p>\n<p>Soils from the White Nile State, Sudan. In the Proceedings of the Regional<\/p>\n<p>Workshop:&#8221;Scientific Research and National Research Plans of Action for<\/p>\n<p>Combating desertification.&#8221;, Tuesday 22 \u2013 Thursday 24 November 2005, Al Sharga Hall, University of Khartoum.<\/p>\n<p>15. Mustafa, M. A. 2005. National Action Plan of Research on Desertification in the<\/p>\n<p>Sudan. In the Proceedings of the Regional Workshop:&#8221;Scientific Research and<\/p>\n<p>National Research Plans of Action for Combating desertification.&#8221;, Tuesday 22 \u2013 Thursday 24 November 2005, Al Sharga Hall, University of Khartoum.<\/p>\n<p>16. Mustafa, M. A. 2005. National Networking of Desertification Research<\/p>\n<p>Institutions: Vision of the Statute and General Regulation. In the Proceedings of the Regional Workshop:&#8221;Scientific Research and National Research Plans of Action for Combating desertification.&#8221;, Tuesday 22 \u2013 Thursday 24 November 2005, Al Sharga Hall, University of Khartoum<\/p>\n<p>17. Mustafa, M. A. 2006. Impact of wind erosion on the White Nile Sugarcane<\/p>\n<p>Project and a strategy for its control. In the Proceedings of the Workshop:&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The Soils of the White Nile Sugar Project: An Integrated Management<\/p>\n<p>Strategy.&#8221; Wedneday, 22\/11\/ 2006, Al-Shaheed Al Zobeir Mohamed Salih<\/p>\n<p>Hall,. Khartoum, the Republic of Sudan.<\/p>\n<p>17. Mustafa, M. A. 2007. Organizational Structure of the National Action<\/p>\n<p>Programme (Combating Desertification Act , 2007). Presented in the National<\/p>\n<p>Workshop entitled: &#8220;National Action Programme: Implementation, Organizational Structure and Financing&#8221;, The Green Hall, The National Council, Omdurman, !7th June, 2007.<\/p>\n<p>18. Mustafa, M. A. 2007. Plan of action for research on desertification: Southern States., 113-128, In:The National Action Plan of Researchon Desertificaation in Sudan<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>6.1 Papers in Scientific Refereed Journals After I completed my official secondment term (1984-1989) from King Saud University, Kingdom of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"page-publications.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/staffpages.uofk.edu\/mukhtar-mustafa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/staffpages.uofk.edu\/mukhtar-mustafa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/staffpages.uofk.edu\/mukhtar-mustafa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staffpages.uofk.edu\/mukhtar-mustafa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staffpages.uofk.edu\/mukhtar-mustafa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16"}],"version-history":[{"count":46,"href":"https:\/\/staffpages.uofk.edu\/mukhtar-mustafa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":96,"href":"https:\/\/staffpages.uofk.edu\/mukhtar-mustafa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16\/revisions\/96"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/staffpages.uofk.edu\/mukhtar-mustafa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}