Publications

THESIS

  1. Effect of soil type, salinity and manuring on the production of okra (Abelomoschus esculentus L.) and beans (Phaseolous vulgaris L.). M.Sc. Thesis, University of Khartoum, Sudan, 1989.
  2. The contribution of crop residues for the sustainable production of maize and groundnut in a crop rotation system (Ph.D.) Thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 2001.

REFREED JOURNALS

  1. Eltilib A. M. A., A.M.Ali and Mubarak A. R. 1993. Effect of chicken manure and salinity on growth and leaf N, P and K content of okra (Abelomoschus esculentus) grown on two soil types. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 1: 16-36.
  2. H. M. Abdelmagid, Mubarak. A. Abdalla, A. M. A. Eltilib and A. M. Ali. 1996. Poultry manure as an ameliorative fertilizer for salinized soils sown to snap beans in a semi-arid environment. Egyptian Journal of Applied Science 11: 199-210.
  3. Mubarak A. R., Rosenani A.B., Zauyah S. D and Anuar A. R. 1999. Decomposition and nutrient release from maize (Zea mays L.) residues and N uptake by groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) in a crop rotation system. Malaysian Journal of Soil Science 3: 93-107.
  4. Mubarak A. R., Rosenani A. B., Zauyah S. D. and Anuar A. R. 2001. Balance of applied 15N labelled ammonium sulfate by maize (Zea mays L.) in the humid tropics. Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture 45: 176-180.
  5. Mubarak A. R., Rosenani A. B., Zauyah S. D. and Anuar A. R. 2001. Nitrogen mineralization in tropical soils amended with crop residues. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 78: 165-173.
  6. Mubarak A. R., Rosenani A. B., Zauyah S. D. and Anuar A. R. 2003. Effect of incorporation of crop residues on a maize – groundnut sequence in the humid tropics. II: Soil properties. Journal of Plant Nutrition 26: 2343-2364.
  7. Mubarak A. R., Rosenani A. B., Zauyah S. D. and Anuar. A. R. 2003. Effect of incorporation of crop residues on a maize – groundnut sequence in the humid tropics. I: Yield and nutrient uptake. Journal of Plant Nutrition 26: 1841 – 1858.
  8. Mubarak A. R., Rosenani. A. B., Zauyah S. D. and Anuar A. R. 2003. Recovery of 15N from maize residues and inorganic fertilizer in a maize – groundnut rotation system. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis34: 2375-2394.
  9. Mubarak A. R., Rosenani A. B., Zauyah S. D. and Anuar A. R. 2002. Decomposition and nutrient release of maize (Zea mays L.) stover and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) haulm under field tropical conditions of Malaysia. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 33: 609-622.
  10. Mubarak A. R. and Rosenani A. B. 2003. Soil organic matter fractions in the humid tropics as influenced by application of crop residues. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 34: 933-943.
  11. Abdemoniem M.A. ElTilib, Mubarak A. Abdalla and Mahgoub Abdelhafeez. 2003. Wheat response to   partially acidulated phosphate rock, triple super phosphate and their combinations in the semi-arid tropics of the Sudan. Gezira  Journal of Agricultural Science 1:11-21.
  12. Mubarak Abdelrahman Abdalla andRosenani Abu Bakar. 2004. The effect of drying temperature on nitrogen mineralization from above and below ground crop residues. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 12: 47-64.
  13. Rosenani, A.B., A.R. Mubarak, S. Zauyah. Recycling of crop residues for sustainable crop production in a maize-groundnut rotation system. 2003. In: Management of crop residues for sustainable crop production. Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and AgricultureIAEA-TECDOC-1354
  14. Mubarak Abdelrahman Abdalla, Omer Mohamed E. Elshami. and Eatidal A. Elmubarak, 2004. Stratification of Selected Soil Properties as Influenced by Mechanical Manipulation. University of Khartoum Journal of Agricultural Science 12: 415-428.
  15. Mubarak, A. R., Elshami, O. M. E. and Azhari, A.A. 2005. Long and Short -Term Effects of Conventional Tillage on a Vertisol Properties Under Sugar Cane Plantation. Soil and Tillage Research 84: 1-6.
  16. Mubarak Abdelrahman Abdalla, Nazar OmerSalih, Ali Ahmed Hassabo and Ahmed Gofoon Mahala. 2007. Effect of application of organic amendments on quality of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor.L) in the semi-arid tropics. Archieves of Agronomy and Soil Science 53: 529-538.
  17. Mubarak, A. R., A. A. Elbashir, L. A. Elamin, D. M. A. Daldoum, D. Steffensand G. Benckiser. 2008. Decomposition and nutrient release from litter fall in the semi-arid tropics of Sudan. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 39: 2359-2377.
  18. Mubarak, A.R., Fattoma A.M. Rezik and Afiah S. A. 2008. Use of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in amelioration of a sandy soil. Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences 16: 213-224.
  19. Mubarak, A.R., Elshami, O.M.E. and Hamid, F.A. 2008. Carbon and nitrogen stocks of a long-term cropping systems on an irrigated and rain-fed Vertisols in the semi-arid tropics of Sudan. Malaysian Journal of Soil Science 12: 61-76.
  20. Mubarak, A.R., O.M.E. Elshami, H. Ahmed, H.H. Eltaib, A.R., A.M.A. Eltilib, A.B. Saeed and D. Steffens. 2008.Effects of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) cultivation on soil quality in the semi-arid tropics of Sudan. International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 4 (4): 376-382.
  21. Mubarak Abdelrahman Abdalla and Badr Eldin SiddigDawi. 2009. Decomposition and nutrient release from various tree litters in a sandy soil of a semi-arid tropics. Sudan Journal of Desertification Research 1 (1): 36-55.
  22. Mubarak, A.R., D. M. Ahmed, and A. M. Sayed.2009. A Note on the Influence of Leaf Extracts of Nine Tree Species on Seed Germination, Radicle and Hypocotyl Elongation of Maize and Sorghum. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 11 (3):340-342.
  23. Mubarak, A.R., O.M.E. Elshami, M. M. A. Abdelseed and D. Steffens. 2009. Short-term contribution of mineral N from soil organic matter during the rainy season in a vertisol of the semi-arid tropics of Sudan. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 11 (3): 336-339.
  24. Yousif,A. M., Mubarak, A.R. 2009. Variations in Nitrogen mineralization from different manures in semi-arid tropics of Sudan with reference to salt-affected soils. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 11 (5): 515-520.
  25. D.M.A. Daldoum, A.R. Mubarak and A.A. Elbashir. 2010. Leaf litter decomposition and nutrient release pattern of three tree species under semi-arid conditions. Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies 5: 75-88.
  26. Mubarak. A.R., Omaima.E. Ragab, Amal A. Ali. And Nemat.E. Hamed. 2009. Short-term studies on use of organic amendments for amelioration of a sandy soil. African Journal of Agricultural Research4 (7): 621-627.
  27. Mubarak A. Abdalla andU. Langer. 2009. Assay of selected soil enzymmes activities in irrigated and rain-fed Vertisols of the semi-arid tropics of Sudan. International Journal of Soil Science4 (3): 67-79.
  28. Mubarak, A.R., Eshraga A. M. Gali , Asma G. Mohamed, Steffens D. and Abdelkarim H. Awadelkarim. 2010. Nitrogen mineralization from five manures as influenced by chemical composition and soil type. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 41 (16): 1903-1920.
  29. Mubarak, A.R., O.M.E. Elshami  and Ishraga A. Mohmmed. 2009. Effect of cultivation on some soil attributes of a long-term pastoral land in the semi-arid tropics of Sudan. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 5(5): 794-797.
  30. Mubarak, A. R., O.M.E. Elshami andEnsaf A. Adam. 2010. Short-term effects of tillage on N mineralzation from farm yard manure in semi-arid tropical Vertisol.Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 6 (2): 157-160.
  31. Mubarak A. R.,Mohamed H. Abdalla and S. Nortcliff. 2012. Millet (Pennisetum typhoides) yield and some soil attributes as influenced by selected tree types under the semi-arid conditions of Sudan. Journal of Arid Environments 77: 96-102.
  32. Mubarak, A.R., S. Nortcliff. 2010. Calcium carbonate solubilization through H-proton release from some legumes grown in calcareous saline-sodic soil. Land Degradation and Development 21: 29-39.
  33. Amna Jubara Ali and Mubarak Abdelrahman Abdalla. Performance of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) in amended sandy soil. Journal of Disaster Management Vol 1: 53-72.
  34. Steffens D. and Mubarak, A.R. Particulate organic matter from long-term management experiments in Giessen, Germany: Carbon and nitrogen content. Submitted to European Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition.
  35. Mubarak, A.R. and Ali, A.H.M. A Note on Short -Term Effects of Leucaena leucocephala Residues on Some Soil Chemical Properties and Dry matter Yield of Fodder Maize (Zea mays L.). Sinnar Journal of Agric. Science (In press).
  36. Mubarak A.R. and Hanna Salih. Nitrogen mineralization potential of soil organic matter in vertisols with different cultivation periods. Submitted toArid Land Research and Management.
  37. Rezig F. A.M., E. A. Elhadi and A. R. Mubarak. 2012. Impact of organic wastes and mineral fertilizer application on soil-crop system I: Yield and nutrients content. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science
  38. Rezig F. A.M., A. R. Mubarak, E. A. Elhadi. 2012. Impact of organic wastes and mineral fertilizer application on soil-crop system II: Soil attributes. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 2012: 1-17.
  39. Mubarak, A.R., N. O. Salih, A.A. Hassabo. 2015. Fate of Fertilizer 15N Applied to a Guar-Wheat Rotation System as Influenced by Crop Residue Incorporation in a Semi-Arid Vertisol. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) Vol 92 (3): 172-183. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) Vol 92 (3): 172-183.
  40. Mubarak, A.R. and F. A. A. Elhassan.Laboratory Assessment of Field and Vegetable Crops for Allelopathic Effects on Each Other. Submitted to International J. of Agric. Research.
  41. F.A.M. Rezig, E.A. Elhadiand A.R. Mubarak.2012. Effect of incorporation of some wastes on a wheat-guar rotation system on soil physical and chemical properties. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Wastes in Agriculture. 1 (1):1-15.
  42. N. O. H. Salih, A.R. Mubarak and A.A. Hassabo. 2012. Effects of crop residues on soil fertility and yield wheat (Triticum aestivum) – guar (Cymopsis tetragonoloba) crops in dry tropics.International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research Volume 3 (10), 304-307.
  43. Mubarak Abdelrahman Abdalla, Abdelmonim Ahmed Hassan and Imran Ali hmed. Use of Sewage Sludge and Clay based ameliorant for Production of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) in a Desert Soil I: Effects on soil quality. Sudan Journal of Desertification Research (Accepted).
  44. Mubarak Abdelrahman Abdalla, Abdelmonim Ahmed Hassan and Imran Ali hmed. 2014. Use of Sewage Sludge and Clay based ameliorant for Production of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) in a Desert Soil II: Effects on Yield and nutrient content. Sudan Journal of Desertification Research 6 (1): 67-78.
  45. Rezig, F.A.M., Elhadi, E.A. and Mubarak, A.R. 2014. Decomposition and nutrient release pattern of wheat (Triticum aestivum) residues under different treatments in desert field conditions of Sudan. International Journal of Recycling Organic Wastes in Agriculture (In press).
  46. Abutalib Balla Guma Mohamed and Mubarak Abdelrahman Abdalla. 2014. Compost economizes use of irrigation water for sorghum production (Sorghum bicolor) in a sandy soil. International Journal of Sudan Research 2 (4):
  47. Mubarak Abdelrahman Abdalla. 2014. Assessment of Soil Changes in the Near East and North Africa (NENA) Region. In:  World Soil Report, FAO 214.
  48. Aracely Castro, Liesl Wiese, Jeroen Huising, Joseph Bagyaraj, Thomas Scholten, Giovanna Armiento, John Quinton, Bernd M Bussian, Juan Jose Ibañez, Olegario Muniz, Mubarak Abdelrahman Abdalla, Charles Rice and Ronald Vargas. 2014. Promote targeted soil research and development focusing on identified gaps, priorities and synergies with related productive, environmental and social development actions In: Plan of Action for Global Soil Partnership, FAO, Rome, Italy.

Conferences

1. Mubarak A. R., Rosenani A. B., Zauyah S. D. and Anuar A. R. Short-term effect of maize residue incorporation on groundnut performance in a crop rotation system. Proceedings of Soil Science Conference of Malaysia, Mint Hotel, Kualalumpur, Malaysia, 1998. pp. 180-198.

2. Mubarak A. R., Rosenani A. B., Zauyah S. D. and Anuar A. R. Decomposition and nutrient release of maize and groundnut residues in litterbags under Malaysain field conditions. Proceedings of Soil Science Conference of Malaysia, Allison Klana Resort, Seremban, April 20-21 (1999) pp: 57-66.

3. Mubarak A. R., Rosenani A. B., Zauyah S. D. and Anuar A. R. Recycling of crop residues for sustainable crop production in a maize – groundnut crop rotation system. Proceedings of Soil Science Conference of Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 17-20 April, 2001.

4. Mubarak A. R., Rosenani A. B., Zauyah S. D. and Anuar A. R. The role of crop residues in sustaining yields of maize (Zea mays L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypoaea) in the humid tropics of Malaysia. Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the International Soil Tillage Research Organization (ISTRO), July 2-7 (2000), Fort Worth, Dallas, USA.

5. Mubarak A. R., Rosenani A. B., Zauyah S. D. and Anuar A. R. Nitrogen mineralization from above and below ground crop residues. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Land Degradation and Meeting of the IUSS Submission C-Soil and Water Conservation. 17-21 Sept., 2001- Rio de Janeiro-Brazil.

6. Mubarak A. R., Rosenani A. B., Zauyah S. D. and Anuar A. R. Nitrogen mineralization from crop residues in selected tropical soils. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Land Degradation and Meeting of the IUSS Submission C-Soil and Water Conservation. 17-21 Sept., 2001- Rio de Janeiro-Brazil.

7. Mubarak, A. R., Ghada. A. A. and Omer M. E. El-Shami. Soil organic matter fractions in a Sudanese Vertisols: Impact of tillage and cropping sequence. Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the International Soil Tillage Research Organization (ISTRO), July 13-17 (2003), Brisbane, Australia, 13-17 July, 2003.

8. Mubarak, A. R., Omer, M. E. Elshami and Azhari, A. Long and Short -Term Effects of Conventional Tillage on a Vertisol Properties. Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the International Soil Tillage Research Organization (ISTRO), July 13-17 (2003), Brisbane, Australia, 13-17 July, 2003.

9. Mubarak, A. R., Omer; M. E. Elshami and Eatidal, A. E. Stratification ratios of some soil quality indices as influenced by soil mechanical manipulation in the dry tropics. Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the International Soil Tillage Research Organization (ISTRO), July 13-17 (2003), Brisbane, Australia, 13-17 July, 2003.

10. Mubarak, A.R., Salih, E.M. and Hussein, A. O. Proposed Plan of Action for Research on Desertification: Khartoum State. Proceedings of the National Forum of Scientific Research on Desertification. Al Sharga Hall, University of Khartoum, March 16 – 18 (2004), Khartoum, Sudan, 2004.  (In Arabic)

11. Mubarak, A.R., Ibrahim, A. I. and Elshami, O.M.E. Topsoil Carbon and Nitrogen Storage under Different Tillage Systems in the Arid-Tropics of Sudan, Proceedings of CIGR International Conference in Beijing Oct. 11 – 14, 2004 Beijing, P.R. China.

12. Mubarak, A.R. and Elshafie, H.A. Organic agriculture and alternatives of chemical usage. Campaign of correct usage of agricultural chemicals, Ministry of Agric., Sudan, 3-15/3/2004 (In Arabic).

13. Mubarak, A.R. Managing of agricultural residues in organic farming. Blue Nile State, Sept. 2004 (In Arabic).

14. Mubarak, A.R.O.M.E. Elshami. F. A. Hamid. D. Steffens .G. Benckiser, Awadelkarim, A.H.Long-term cropping systems effects on an irrigated and rain-fed Vertisol quality in the semi-arid tropics of Sudan: I. Estimates of Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Human Impacts on Soil Quality Attributes in Arid and semi-arid Regions, Isfahan, 12-16 Sept., 2005, Iran

15. Mubarak, A.R. and Hussein, A.O. 2005. Desertification and combating in Khartoum State. Khartoum State Workshop on desertification, 22-24 November, 2005, Khartoum, Sudan

16. Mubarak Abdelrahman Abdalla, Niemat Elbashir, Lina Elamin, Daldoum Mohamed Ahmed, Dieldrich Steffensand Georg Benckiser.  Decomposition and Nutrient Release from Selected Agroforestry Tree Litters in the Semi-Arid Tropics of Sudan. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Drylands Ecology and Human Security, December 4 – 7, Dubai, UAE, 2006.

17. Mubarak Abdelrahman Abdalla, Badreldin Ibrahim Siddig Dawi. Decomposition and Nutrient Release of Different Organic Residues in Sandy Soil of Western Omdurman. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Drylands Ecology and Human Security, December 4 – 7, Dubai, UAE, 2006.

18. Mubarak, A.R. and Mohamed, F.A.Can Quality of Arid Lands be Improved by Incorporation of Water Hyacinth: The Case of Sudan. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Drylands Ecology and Human Security, December 4 – 7, Dubai, UAE, 2006.

19. Mubarak, A.R.; Langer, U. 2007. Assay of selected soil enzymes activities in irrigated and rain-fed Vertisols of the semi-arid tropics of Sudan. 8th African Crop Science Society, 27-31 October, 2007, El-Minia, Egypt, 1599-1608.

20. Mubarak, A.R. and El Amin, A.E. 2007. Sudanese potentials of organic fertilizers. Sudanese Standards and Meterology Organization (SSMO) Conference, October 3-5, 2007. (In Arabic).

21. Mubarak, A.R., M.H. Abdalla and S. Nortcliff. 2009. Millet (Pennisetum typhoides) yield and selected soil attributes as influenced by some tree types of the semi-arid tropics of Sudan. Technology and management to ensure sustainable agriculture, agro-systems, forestry and safety, 17-19 June 2009, Reggio Calabria – Italy, “Mediterranea” University, Dept. DISTAFA.

22. Mubarak A. Abdalla, Musnad, H. A. And Ali, E.E. 2006. Strategies of combating desertification. Unesco Training programme, DADCSI- Shambat, 16-25/9/2006, Sudan (In Arabic).

23. Mubarak, A.R. and Ali, A.G. Use of clay based and sewage sludge ameliorants for desert cultivation. Proceedings of ” The Role of Scientific Research in Combating Desertification and Sand Dune Stabilization”, Sabha, Tripoli, Lybia, 21-24, 06, 2010.

22. Mubarak, A.R.; Nortcliff, S. 2010. Calcium carbonate solubilisation through H-proton release from some legumes grown in calcareous saline-sodic soils. Conference of Graduate and Scientific Research, Scientific Research – Pillar of Civilization Development, Friendship Hall, 27th February – 2nd March 2010, Khartoum, Sudan.

23. Awadelkarim, A.H., Mubarak, A.R. and Gassm Elsyied, A.G. 2011. Time of sowing sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) as affected by nitrogen mineralization from FYM manure in three soil types. Tropentag October, 5-7, 2011, Bonn, Germany.

24. Rezig, F. A. M., A.R. Mubarak, E.A. Elhadi. 2012. Effect of incorporation of some wastes on a wheat- guar rotation system on soil physical and chemical properties. The 1st International & 4th National Congress on Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture (CROWA), Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan Branch, Isfahan, IRAN, 26- 27 April, 2012.

25. Rezig, F. A. M., A.R. Mubarak, E.A. Elhadi. 2012. Effect of incorporation of some wastes on a wheat- guar rotation system on yield and nutrients uptake. The 1st International & 4th National Congress on Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture (CROWA), Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan Branch, Isfahan, IRAN, 26- 27 April, 2012.

26. Nazar Omer Hassan Salih, Mubarak Abdelrahman Abdalla, Ali Ahmed Hassabo. 2012. Fate of Fertiliser N Applied to A Guar-wheat Rotation System as Influenced by Crop Residue Incorporation in A Semi-arid Vertisol. Tropentag, September 19-21, 2012, Göttingen-Kassel/Witzenhausen, Germany.

27.Elsadig Elhadi, Mubarak Abdalla, Fatoma Rezig. 2012. Improvement of Sand Dune Properties with Organic Waste Application for Sand Dune Fixation. Tropentag, September 19-21, 2012, Göttingen-Kassel/Witzenhausen, Germany.

28. Fatoma Rezig, Elsadig Elhadi, Mubarak Abdalla. 2012. Soil Organic Matter Fractions in Desert Tropics as Influenced by Application of Organic Residues. Tropentag, September 19-21, 2012, Göttingen-Kassel/Witzenhausen, Germany.

29. Mubarak Abdelrahman Abdalla, Abdelmoniem Ahmed Hassan. Use of composted sewage sludge and clay based ameliorant for production of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in desert soils. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) 2nd Scientific Conference: Economic assessment of desertification, sustainable land management and resilience of arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas. 9-12 April 2013 – Bonn, Germany.

30.Badreldin Siddig Ibrahim, Mubarak Abdelrahman Abdalla. Production of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in sandy soils. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) 2nd Scientific Conference: Economic assessment of desertification, sustainable land management and resilience of arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas. 9-12 April 2013 – Bonn, Germany

31. FATOOMA ALI MOHAME REZIG, NAZAR OMER HASSAN SALIH, MUBARAK ABDALLA, ELSADIG ELHADI, ALI AHMED HASSABO. Nitrogen Availability during Decomposition of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Guar Crop Residues (Cymopsis tetragonoloba) in a Desert Soil. Tropentag 2013 Agricultural development within the rural-urban continuumSeptember 17 – 19, 2013, Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany.

32. Mubarak, A.R., Elhadi, E.A. and Rezig, F.A.M. Wastes management strategies for desert cultivation. Drylands Coordination Group Workshop, El Damar, River Nile State 17, 12, 2013, Sudan.

33. Elhadi, E.A., Mubarak, Osman, I.A. and Rezig, F.A.M. Compost preparation from some organic sources. Drylands Coordination Group Workshop, El Damar, River Nile State 17, 12, 2013, Sudan.

34. Osman, I.A., Mubarak, A.R., Elhadi, E.A. Effects of some compost on wheat grown in a desert soil. Drylands Coordination Group Workshop, El Damar, River Nile State 17, 12, 2013, Sudan.

     Text Books

      Mubarak, A.R., Musnad, H.A. and Ali, E. E. 2007. Combating Desertification. University of Khartoum P. Press, 2007.

      Mubarak, A.R., Musnad, H.A. and Ali, E.E. 2009. Combating Desertification (In Arabic). University of Khartoum P.Press, 2009.